Introdução aos Objectos/Exercício 02: Energia: Difference between revisions

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Considere que a energia disponível inicialmente para os cães, gatos, pássaros e ratos é, respectivamente, de 1000, 500, 20 e 50 unidades. Quando os animais correm, gastam, respectivamente, 50, 25, 5 e 2 unidades. Um pássaro, quando voa, gasta apenas 2 unidades. Um cão que ataque um gato gasta 100 unidades e faz com que o gato perca 25.
Considere que a energia disponível inicialmente para os cães, gatos, pássaros e ratos é, respectivamente, de 1000, 500, 20 e 50 unidades. Quando os animais correm, gastam, respectivamente, 50, 25, 5 e 2 unidades. Um pássaro, quando voa, gasta apenas 2 unidades. Um cão que ataque um gato gasta 100 unidades e faz com que o gato perca 25.


Para um predador comer uma presa tem de a perseguir para a capturar (podendo a perseguição ser ou não bem sucedida). Um cão consegue capturar um rato em cada 25 tentativas. Para os gatos, o rácio é 1 em 5 (ratos) e 1 em 10 (pássaros). A perseguição consome a mesma energia que correr (para cada interveniente), mas a presa recebe um bónus de 5 unidades se escapar. Se a presa estiver a dormir, é apanhada 1 em cada 2 tentativas.
Para um predador comer uma presa tem de a perseguir para a capturar (podendo a perseguição ser ou não bem sucedida). Um cão consegue capturar um rato em cada 25 tentativas. Para os gatos, o rácio é 1 em 5 (ratos) e 1 em 10 (pássaros). A perseguição consome a mesma energia que correr (para cada interveniente), mas a presa recebe um bónus de 5 unidades se escapar. <!--Se a presa estiver a dormir, é apanhada 1 em cada 2 tentativas.-->


Construa uma aplicação onde existem 2 cães ("Piloto" e "Átila"), 3 gatos ("Tareco", "Pantufa" e "Kitty"), 20 pássaros e 50 ratos (os pássaros e ratos podem ser organizados em arrays).
Construa uma aplicação onde existem 2 cães ("Piloto" e "Átila"), 3 gatos ("Tareco", "Pantufa" e "Kitty"), 20 pássaros e 50 ratos (os pássaros e ratos podem ser organizados em arrays).
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{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Dog.java'''|
{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Dog.java'''|
<java5>
<source lang="java">
public class Dog {
public class Dog {


/**
    /**
* We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
    * We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
* way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
    * way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
* does not exist in this case).
    * does not exist in this case).
*/
    */
private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 1000;
    private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 1000;


/**
    /**
* The dog's name.
    * The dog's name.
*/
    */
private String _name;
    private String _name;


/**
    /**
* The dog's current energy value.
    * The dog's current energy value.
*/
    */
private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
    private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;


/**
    /**
* Initialize a dog with a name. Default energy levels are used.
    * Initialize a dog with a name. Default energy levels are used.
*  
    *
* @param name
    * @param name
*/
    */
public Dog(String name) {
    public Dog(String name) {
_name = name;
        _name = name;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @return dog's current energy level.
    * @return dog's current energy level.
*/
    */
private int getEnergy() {
    public int getEnergy() {
return _energy;
        return _energy;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @return dog's name
    * @return dog's name
*/
    */
public String getName() {
    public String getName() {
return _name;
        return _name;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Set the dog's name
    * Set the dog's name
*  
    *
* @param name
    * @param name
*            the dog's name
    *            the dog's name
*/
    */
public void setName(String name) {
    public void setName(String name) {
_name = name;
        _name = name;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* When a dog runs, the energy decreases by 50 units. This value could be
    * When a dog runs, the energy decreases by 50 units. This value could be
* defined as an attribute or as a constant.
    * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
*  
    *
* @return whether the dog was able to run.
    * @return whether the dog was able to run.
*/
    */
public boolean run() {
    public boolean run() {
if (_energy < 50)
        if (_energy < 50)
return false;
            return false;
_energy -= 50;
        _energy -= 50;
return true;
        return true;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Call "run" to account for spent energy.
    * Call "run" to account for spent energy.
*  
    *
* @param mouse
    * @param mouse
*            the mouse to be chased.
    *            the mouse to be chased.
* @return whether the dog was able to catch the mouse. If the mouse
    * @return whether the dog was able to catch the mouse. If the mouse
*        escapes, its energy increases.
    *        escapes, its energy increases.
*/
    */
public boolean caughtMouse(Mouse mouse) {
    public boolean caughtMouse(Mouse mouse) {
run();
        run();
mouse.run();
        mouse.run();
if (0 == (int) (25 * Math.random())) {
        if (0 == (int) (25 * Math.random())) {
return true;
            return true;
}
        }
mouse.escaped();
        mouse.escaped();
return false;
        return false;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
    * Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
*  
    *
* @param mouse
    * @param mouse
*            the mouse to eat.
    *            the mouse to eat.
*/
    */
public void eatMouse(Mouse mouse) {
    public void eatMouse(Mouse mouse) {
if (caughtMouse(mouse))
        if (caughtMouse(mouse))
_energy += mouse.drain();
            _energy += mouse.drain();
}
    }


/**
    /**
* We assume that the dog is always able to attack the cat. The parameter to
    * We assume that the dog is always able to attack the cat. The parameter to
* ''attacked'' is used to specify the amount of energy lost by the cat.
    * ''attacked'' is used to specify the amount of energy lost by the cat.
* Note that we are assuming that the degree of loss depends on the attacker
    * Note that we are assuming that the degree of loss depends on the attacker
* (hence the value being defined in the dog class).
    * (hence the value being defined in the dog class).
*  
    *
* The energy values could be defined as attributes or as constants.
    * The energy values could be defined as attributes or as constants.
*  
    *
* @param cat
    * @param cat
*            the cat the dog attacks
    *            the cat the dog attacks
*/
    */
public void attackCat(Cat cat) {
    public void attackCat(Cat cat) {
_energy -= 100;
        _energy -= 100;
cat.attacked(25);
        cat.attacked(25);
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Energy is recovered when sleeping.
    * Energy is recovered when sleeping.
*/
    */
public void sleep() {
    public void sleep() {
_energy = BASE_ENERGY;
        _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
    * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
*/
    */
@Override
    @Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o instanceof Dog) {
        if (o instanceof Dog) {
Dog dog = (Dog) o;
            Dog dog = (Dog) o;
return _name.equals(dog.getName()) && _energy == dog.getEnergy();
            return _name.equals(dog.getName()) && _energy == dog.getEnergy();
}
        }
return false;
        return false;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @see java.lang.Object#toString()
    * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
*/
    */
@Override
    @Override
@SuppressWarnings("nls")
    public String toString() {
public String toString() {
        return _name + " (dog) (" + _energy + ")";
return _name + " (dog) (" + _energy + ")";
    }
}
}
}
</java5>
</source>
}}
}}


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{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Cat.java'''|
{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Cat.java'''|
<java5>
<source lang="java">
public class Cat {
public class Cat {


/**
    /**
* We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
    * We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
* way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
    * way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
* does not exist in this case).
    * does not exist in this case).
*/
    */
private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 500;
    private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 500;


/**
    /**
* The cat's name.
    * The cat's name.
*/
    */
private String _name;
    private String _name;


/**
    /**
* The cat's current energy value.
    * The cat's current energy value.
*/
    */
private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
    private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;


/**
    /**
* Initialize a cat with a name. Default energy levels are used.
    * Initialize a cat with a name. Default energy levels are used.
*  
    *
* @param name
    * @param name
*/
    */
public Cat(String name) {
    public Cat(String name) {
_name = name;
        _name = name;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @return cat's current energy level.
    * @return cat's current energy level.
*/
    */
private int getEnergy() {
    public int getEnergy() {
return _energy;
        return _energy;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @return cat's name
    * @return cat's name
*/
    */
public String getName() {
    public String getName() {
return _name;
        return _name;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Set the cat's name
    * Set the cat's name
*  
    *
* @param name
    * @param name
*            the cat's name
    *            the cat's name
*/
    */
public void setName(String name) {
    public void setName(String name) {
_name = name;
        _name = name;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* When a cat runs, the energy decreases by 25 units. This value could be
    * When a cat runs, the energy decreases by 25 units. This value could be
* defined as an attribute or as a constant.
    * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
*  
    *
* @return whether the cat was able to run.
    * @return whether the cat was able to run.
*/
    */
public boolean run() {
    public boolean run() {
if (_energy < 25)
        if (_energy < 25)
return false;
            return false;
_energy -= 25;
        _energy -= 25;
return true;
        return true;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Call "run" to account for spent energy.
    * Call "run" to account for spent energy.
*  
    *
* @param mouse
    * @param mouse
*            the mouse to be caught.
    *            the mouse to be caught.
* @return whether the cat was able to catch the mouse. If the mouse
    * @return whether the cat was able to catch the mouse. If the mouse
*        escapes, its energy increases.
    *        escapes, its energy increases.
*/
    */
public boolean caughtMouse(Mouse mouse) {
    public boolean caughtMouse(Mouse mouse) {
run();
        run();
mouse.run();
        mouse.run();
if (0 == (int) (5 * Math.random())) {
        if (0 == (int) (5 * Math.random())) {
return true;
            return true;
}
        }
mouse.escaped();
        mouse.escaped();
return false;
        return false;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Call "run" ("fly"??) to account for spent energy.
    * Call "run" ("fly"??) to account for spent energy.
*  
    *
* @param bird
    * @param bird
*            the bird to be caught.
    *            the bird to be caught.
* @return whether the cat was able to catch the bird. If the bird escapes,
    * @return whether the cat was able to catch the bird. If the bird escapes,
*        its energy increases.
    *        its energy increases.
*/
    */
public boolean caughtBird(Bird bird) {
    public boolean caughtBird(Bird bird) {
run();
        run();
bird.fly(); // run??
        bird.fly(); // run??
if (0 == (int) (10 * Math.random())) {
        if (0 == (int) (10 * Math.random())) {
return true;
            return true;
}
        }
bird.escaped();
        bird.escaped();
return false;
        return false;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
    * Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
*  
    *
* @param mouse
    * @param mouse
*            the mouse to eat.
    *            the mouse to eat.
*/
    */
public void eatMouse(Mouse mouse) {
    public void eatMouse(Mouse mouse) {
if (caughtMouse(mouse))
        if (caughtMouse(mouse))
_energy += mouse.drain();
            _energy += mouse.drain();
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
    * Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
*  
    *
* @param bird
    * @param bird
*            the mouse to eat.
    *            the mouse to eat.
*/
    */
public void eatBird(Bird bird) {
    public void eatBird(Bird bird) {
if (caughtBird(bird))
        if (caughtBird(bird))
_energy += bird.drain();
            _energy += bird.drain();
}
    }


/**
    /**
* We should probably check for large decrease values. Nevertheless, in this
    * We should probably check for large decrease values. Nevertheless, in this
* case, for simplicity, we will let the energy go negative and, later on,
    * case, for simplicity, we will let the energy go negative and, later on,
* the cat can recover after a nap.
    * the cat can recover after a nap.
*  
    *
* @param energyDecrease
    * @param energyDecrease
*/
    */
public void attacked(int energyDecrease) {
    public void attacked(int energyDecrease) {
_energy -= energyDecrease;
        _energy -= energyDecrease;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* Energy is recovered when sleeping.
    * Energy is recovered when sleeping.
*/
    */
public void sleep() {
    public void sleep() {
_energy = BASE_ENERGY;
        _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
    * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
*/
    */
@Override
    @Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o instanceof Cat) {
        if (o instanceof Cat) {
Cat cat = (Cat) o;
            Cat cat = (Cat) o;
return _name.equals(cat.getName()) && _energy == cat.getEnergy();
            return _name.equals(cat.getName()) && _energy == cat.getEnergy();
}
        }
return false;
        return false;
}
    }


/**
    /**
* @see java.lang.Object#toString()
    * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
*/
    */
@Override
    @Override
@SuppressWarnings("nls")
    public String toString() {
public String toString() {
        return _name + " (cat) (" + _energy + ")";
return _name + " (cat) (" + _energy + ")";
    }
}
}
}
</java5>
</source>
}}
}}


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{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Mouse.java'''|
{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Mouse.java'''|
<java5>
<source lang="java">
public class Mouse {
public class Mouse {


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   * When a mouse runs, the energy decreases by 2 units. This value could be
   * When a mouse runs, the energy decreases by 2 units. This value could be
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   *  
   *
   * @return whether the mouse was able to run.
   * @return whether the mouse was able to run.
   */
   */
Line 439: Line 437:
   }
   }
}
}
</java5>
</source>
}}
}}


== Conceito de Pássaro: Bird ==
== Conceito de Pássaro ==


<java5>
{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Bird.java'''|
<source lang="java">
public class Bird {
public class Bird {


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   * When a bird runs, the energy decreases by 5 units. This value could be
   * When a bird runs, the energy decreases by 5 units. This value could be
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   *  
   *
   * @return whether the bird was able to run.
   * @return whether the bird was able to run.
   */
   */
Line 482: Line 481:
   * When a bird flies, the energy decreases by 2 units. This value could be
   * When a bird flies, the energy decreases by 2 units. This value could be
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   *  
   *
   * @return whether the bird was able to fly.
   * @return whether the bird was able to fly.
   */
   */
Line 535: Line 534:
   }
   }
}
}
</java5>
</source>
}}


== Programa Principal ==
== Programa Principal ==


Este programa implementa o cenário descrito no enunciado do problema.
Este programa implementa o cenário descrito no enunciado do problema.
<java5>
 
@SuppressWarnings("nls")
{{CollapsedCode|Ficheiro '''Application.java'''|
<source lang="java">
public class Application {
public class Application {


/**
    /**
* @param args
    * @param args
*/
    */
public static void main(String[] args) {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog d1 = new Dog("Piloto");
        Dog d1 = new Dog("Piloto");
Dog d2 = new Dog("Átila");
        Dog d2 = new Dog("Átila");


Cat c1 = new Cat("Tareco");
        Cat c1 = new Cat("Tareco");
Cat c2 = new Cat("Pantufa");
        Cat c2 = new Cat("Pantufa");
Cat c3 = new Cat("Kitty");
        Cat c3 = new Cat("Kitty");
       
Bird[] birds = new Bird[20];
        Bird[] birds = new Bird[20];
for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
birds[ix] = new Bird();
            birds[ix] = new Bird();


Mouse[] mice = new Mouse[50];
        Mouse[] mice = new Mouse[50];
for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
        for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
mice[ix] = new Mouse();
            mice[ix] = new Mouse();


// snapshot: present everything
        // snapshot: present everything
System.out.println("BEFORE");
        System.out.println("BEFORE");
System.out.println(d1);
        System.out.println(d1);
System.out.println(d2);
        System.out.println(d2);
System.out.println(c1);
        System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c2);
        System.out.println(c2);
System.out.println(c3);
        System.out.println(c3);


for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
System.out.println(birds[ix]);
            System.out.println(birds[ix]);


for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
        for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
System.out.println(mice[ix]);
            System.out.println(mice[ix]);


// run, chase, eat, sleep, etc.
        // run, chase, eat, sleep, etc.


for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
birds[ix].fly();
            birds[ix].fly();


d1.run();
        d1.run();
d2.attackCat(c1);
        d2.attackCat(c1);
c2.eatBird(birds[2]);
        c2.eatBird(birds[2]);
c3.eatBird(birds[9]);
        c3.eatBird(birds[9]);
c3.eatMouse(mice[0]);
        c3.eatMouse(mice[0]);
d2.eatMouse(mice[1]);
        d2.eatMouse(mice[1]);
mice[3].run();
        mice[3].run();


// snapshot: present everything
        // snapshot: present everything
System.out.println("AFTER");
        System.out.println("AFTER");
System.out.println(d1);
        System.out.println(d1);
System.out.println(d2);
        System.out.println(d2);
System.out.println(c1);
        System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c2);
        System.out.println(c2);
System.out.println(c3);
        System.out.println(c3);


for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
System.out.println(birds[ix]);
            System.out.println(birds[ix]);


for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
        for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
System.out.println(mice[ix]);
            System.out.println(mice[ix]);


}
    }
}
}
</java5>
</source>
}}


= Compilação e Execução =
= Compilação e Execução =

Latest revision as of 23:30, 14 September 2023

Problema

Numa casa de campo existem vários animais.

Alguns animais são domésticos: cães, gatos e pássaros (canários, etc.). Os donos acreditam em dar liberdade completa aos animais, o que causa alguns problemas de interacção nem sempre do agrado geral.

Outros animais, embora vivam na casa ou perto dela, não são oficialmente considerados animais domésticos: ratos, cobras, insectos, aranhas, etc. Estes animais também se deslocam pela propriedade, livre mas nem sempre impunemente.

Todos os animais podem correr (e os pássaros voar), consumindo energia para o efeito. Quando a energia termina, não podem correr mais e têm de dormir para recuperar forças.

Além do repouso, os cães e os gatos podem recuperar energia comendo ratos. Um rato devorado perde, claro está, toda a energia (é transferida para o predador). Os gatos, por serem ágeis, também conseguem comer pássaros (com efeitos muito semelhantes aos da relação gato-rato).

Por vezes, os cães perdem a paciência e atacam os gatos. Ambos perdem energia no processo.

Modele os conceitos "cão", "gato", "pássaro" e "rato". Além da energia, os cães e os gatos têm nome (uma cadeia de caracteres).

Considere que a energia disponível inicialmente para os cães, gatos, pássaros e ratos é, respectivamente, de 1000, 500, 20 e 50 unidades. Quando os animais correm, gastam, respectivamente, 50, 25, 5 e 2 unidades. Um pássaro, quando voa, gasta apenas 2 unidades. Um cão que ataque um gato gasta 100 unidades e faz com que o gato perca 25.

Para um predador comer uma presa tem de a perseguir para a capturar (podendo a perseguição ser ou não bem sucedida). Um cão consegue capturar um rato em cada 25 tentativas. Para os gatos, o rácio é 1 em 5 (ratos) e 1 em 10 (pássaros). A perseguição consome a mesma energia que correr (para cada interveniente), mas a presa recebe um bónus de 5 unidades se escapar.

Construa uma aplicação onde existem 2 cães ("Piloto" e "Átila"), 3 gatos ("Tareco", "Pantufa" e "Kitty"), 20 pássaros e 50 ratos (os pássaros e ratos podem ser organizados em arrays).

Neste cenário, os gatos correm, perseguem pássaros e ratos e são atacados pelos cães, que também podem correr e perseguir e comer ratos. Os animais dormem automaticamente se ficam sem energia (excepto quando são devorados: nesse caso devem ser considerados mortos).

Apresente o estado inicial dos animais (métodos toString) e o estado final (depois de algumas interacções).

(Pode utilizar parte do resultado do Exercício 01 na resolução deste exercicio.)

Solução

A solução apresentada procura manter-se simples e a um nível que ainda não implica utilizar abstracção de propriedade comuns, como por exemplo, a energia, ou de conceitos mais básicos (o de Animal, por exemplo). Estes aspectos, necessários numa boa definição de solução, são objecto de estudo em fases mais adiantadas da exposição da matéria.

UML: Diagrama de Classes

Neste caso, como se escolheu (dada a fase introdutória) não representar os conceitos hierarquizados, apenas existem relações de dependência entre as classes (representadas pelas setas a tracejado).

Existem opções de desenho sub-óptimas. Consegue detectá-las?

BUG: o método "escaped" deveria ter como tipo de retorno "void" e não "boolean".

Diagrama de classes

Conceito de Cão

'Ficheiro Dog.java'
public class Dog {

    /**
     * We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
     * way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
     * does not exist in this case).
     */
    private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 1000;

    /**
     * The dog's name.
     */
    private String _name;

    /**
     * The dog's current energy value.
     */
    private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;

    /**
     * Initialize a dog with a name. Default energy levels are used.
     *
     * @param name
     */
    public Dog(String name) {
        _name = name;
    }

    /**
     * @return dog's current energy level.
     */
    public int getEnergy() {
        return _energy;
    }

    /**
     * @return dog's name
     */
    public String getName() {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * Set the dog's name
     *
     * @param name
     *            the dog's name
     */
    public void setName(String name) {
        _name = name;
    }

    /**
     * When a dog runs, the energy decreases by 50 units. This value could be
     * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
     *
     * @return whether the dog was able to run.
     */
    public boolean run() {
        if (_energy < 50)
            return false;
        _energy -= 50;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Call "run" to account for spent energy.
     *
     * @param mouse
     *            the mouse to be chased.
     * @return whether the dog was able to catch the mouse. If the mouse
     *         escapes, its energy increases.
     */
    public boolean caughtMouse(Mouse mouse) {
        run();
        mouse.run();
        if (0 == (int) (25 * Math.random())) {
            return true;
        }
        mouse.escaped();
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
     *
     * @param mouse
     *            the mouse to eat.
     */
    public void eatMouse(Mouse mouse) {
        if (caughtMouse(mouse))
            _energy += mouse.drain();
    }

    /**
     * We assume that the dog is always able to attack the cat. The parameter to
     * ''attacked'' is used to specify the amount of energy lost by the cat.
     * Note that we are assuming that the degree of loss depends on the attacker
     * (hence the value being defined in the dog class).
     *
     * The energy values could be defined as attributes or as constants.
     *
     * @param cat
     *            the cat the dog attacks
     */
    public void attackCat(Cat cat) {
        _energy -= 100;
        cat.attacked(25);
    }

    /**
     * Energy is recovered when sleeping.
     */
    public void sleep() {
        _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o instanceof Dog) {
            Dog dog = (Dog) o;
            return _name.equals(dog.getName()) && _energy == dog.getEnergy();
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return _name + " (dog) (" + _energy + ")";
    }
}

Conceito de Gato

'Ficheiro Cat.java'
public class Cat {

    /**
     * We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
     * way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
     * does not exist in this case).
     */
    private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 500;

    /**
     * The cat's name.
     */
    private String _name;

    /**
     * The cat's current energy value.
     */
    private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;

    /**
     * Initialize a cat with a name. Default energy levels are used.
     *
     * @param name
     */
    public Cat(String name) {
        _name = name;
    }

    /**
     * @return cat's current energy level.
     */
    public int getEnergy() {
        return _energy;
    }

    /**
     * @return cat's name
     */
    public String getName() {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * Set the cat's name
     *
     * @param name
     *            the cat's name
     */
    public void setName(String name) {
        _name = name;
    }

    /**
     * When a cat runs, the energy decreases by 25 units. This value could be
     * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
     *
     * @return whether the cat was able to run.
     */
    public boolean run() {
        if (_energy < 25)
            return false;
        _energy -= 25;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Call "run" to account for spent energy.
     *
     * @param mouse
     *            the mouse to be caught.
     * @return whether the cat was able to catch the mouse. If the mouse
     *         escapes, its energy increases.
     */
    public boolean caughtMouse(Mouse mouse) {
        run();
        mouse.run();
        if (0 == (int) (5 * Math.random())) {
            return true;
        }
        mouse.escaped();
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Call "run" ("fly"??) to account for spent energy.
     *
     * @param bird
     *            the bird to be caught.
     * @return whether the cat was able to catch the bird. If the bird escapes,
     *         its energy increases.
     */
    public boolean caughtBird(Bird bird) {
        run();
        bird.fly(); // run??
        if (0 == (int) (10 * Math.random())) {
            return true;
        }
        bird.escaped();
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
     *
     * @param mouse
     *            the mouse to eat.
     */
    public void eatMouse(Mouse mouse) {
        if (caughtMouse(mouse))
            _energy += mouse.drain();
    }

    /**
     * Eating is more or less like a vampire feeding...
     *
     * @param bird
     *            the mouse to eat.
     */
    public void eatBird(Bird bird) {
        if (caughtBird(bird))
            _energy += bird.drain();
    }

    /**
     * We should probably check for large decrease values. Nevertheless, in this
     * case, for simplicity, we will let the energy go negative and, later on,
     * the cat can recover after a nap.
     *
     * @param energyDecrease
     */
    public void attacked(int energyDecrease) {
        _energy -= energyDecrease;
    }

    /**
     * Energy is recovered when sleeping.
     */
    public void sleep() {
        _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o instanceof Cat) {
            Cat cat = (Cat) o;
            return _name.equals(cat.getName()) && _energy == cat.getEnergy();
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return _name + " (cat) (" + _energy + ")";
    }
}

Conceito de Rato

'Ficheiro Mouse.java'
public class Mouse {

  /**
   * We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
   * way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
   * does not exist in this case).
   */
  private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 50;

  /**
   * The mouse's current energy value.
   */
  private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;

  /**
   * @return mouse's current energy level.
   */
  public int getEnergy() {
    return _energy;
  }

  /**
   * When a mouse runs, the energy decreases by 2 units. This value could be
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   *
   * @return whether the mouse was able to run.
   */
  public boolean run() {
    if (_energy < 2)
      return false;
    _energy -= 2;
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Energy goes up 5 points in a narrow escape.
   */
  public void escaped() {
    _energy += 5;
  }

  /**
   * @return the energy level in this mouse
   */
  public int drain() {
    int energy = _energy;
    _energy = 0;
    return energy;
  }

  /**
   * Energy is recovered when sleeping.
   */
  public void sleep() {
    _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
  }

  /**
   * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
   */
  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if (o instanceof Mouse) {
      Mouse mouse = (Mouse) o;
      return _energy == mouse.getEnergy();
    }
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
   */
  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return "mouse (" + _energy + ")";
  }
}

Conceito de Pássaro

'Ficheiro Bird.java'
public class Bird {

  /**
   * We define the base energy as a constant, but it does not have to be this
   * way. It could be defined differently for each dog (but this requirement
   * does not exist in this case).
   */
  private static final int BASE_ENERGY = 20;

  /**
   * The bird's current energy value.
   */
  private int _energy = BASE_ENERGY;

  /**
   * @return mouse's current energy level.
   */
  public int getEnergy() {
    return _energy;
  }

  /**
   * When a bird runs, the energy decreases by 5 units. This value could be
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   *
   * @return whether the bird was able to run.
   */
  public boolean run() {
    if (_energy < 5)
      return false;
    _energy -= 5;
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * When a bird flies, the energy decreases by 2 units. This value could be
   * defined as an attribute or as a constant.
   *
   * @return whether the bird was able to fly.
   */
  public boolean fly() {
    if (_energy < 2)
      return false;
    _energy -= 2;
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Energy goes up 5 points in a narrow escape.
   */
  public void escaped() {
    _energy += 5;
  }

  /**
   * @return the energy level in this mouse
   */
  public int drain() {
    int energy = _energy;
    _energy = 0;
    return energy;
  }

  /**
   * Energy is recovered when sleeping.
   */
  public void sleep() {
    _energy = BASE_ENERGY;
  }

  /**
   * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
   */
  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if (o instanceof Bird) {
      Bird bird = (Bird) o;
      return _energy == bird.getEnergy();
    }
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
   */
  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return "bird (" + _energy + ")";
  }
}

Programa Principal

Este programa implementa o cenário descrito no enunciado do problema.

'Ficheiro Application.java'
public class Application {

    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog d1 = new Dog("Piloto");
        Dog d2 = new Dog("Átila");

        Cat c1 = new Cat("Tareco");
        Cat c2 = new Cat("Pantufa");
        Cat c3 = new Cat("Kitty");
        
        Bird[] birds = new Bird[20];
        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
            birds[ix] = new Bird();

        Mouse[] mice = new Mouse[50];
        for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
            mice[ix] = new Mouse();

        // snapshot: present everything
        System.out.println("BEFORE");
        System.out.println(d1);
        System.out.println(d2);
        System.out.println(c1);
        System.out.println(c2);
        System.out.println(c3);

        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
            System.out.println(birds[ix]);

        for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
            System.out.println(mice[ix]);

        // run, chase, eat, sleep, etc.

        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
            birds[ix].fly();

        d1.run();
        d2.attackCat(c1);
        c2.eatBird(birds[2]);
        c3.eatBird(birds[9]);
        c3.eatMouse(mice[0]);
        d2.eatMouse(mice[1]);
        mice[3].run();

        // snapshot: present everything
        System.out.println("AFTER");
        System.out.println(d1);
        System.out.println(d2);
        System.out.println(c1);
        System.out.println(c2);
        System.out.println(c3);

        for (int ix = 0; ix < birds.length; ix++)
            System.out.println(birds[ix]);

        for (int ix = 0; ix < mice.length; ix++)
            System.out.println(mice[ix]);

    }
}

Compilação e Execução

Como compilar?

A compilação processa-se como indicado (poder-se-ia compilar ficheiro a ficheiro):

 javac Dog.java Cat.java Mouse.java Bird.java
 javac Application.java

De facto, a compilação do ficheiro Application.java seria suficiente para causar a compilação de todos os outros, já que são referidos a partir dele (o compilador de Java é capaz de seguir dependências explícitas entre classes).

Execução

O programa começa a sua execução na função main da classe escolhida para iniciar a aplicação (neste caso, Application):

 java Application