Difference between revisions of "Observer (padrão de desenho)"

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(Exemplo)
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==Exemplo==
 
==Exemplo==
  
Estação meteorológica.
+
===Observadores e Observados===
 +
 
 +
  <B>public</B> <B>interface</B> Subject {
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">registerObserver</FONT>(Observer o);
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">removeObserver</FONT>(Observer o);
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">notifyObservers</FONT>();
 +
  }
 +
 
 +
  <B>public</B> <B>interface</B> Observer {
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">update</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> temp, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> humidity, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> pressure);
 +
  }
 +
 
 +
===Apresentação===
 +
 
 +
Esta interface define o método básico para apresentação de dados.
 +
 
 +
  <B>public</B> <B>interface</B> DisplayElement {
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">display</FONT>();
 +
  }
 +
 
 +
As implementações da interface de apresentação, que implementam também a de observação, definem várias formas de exibição de dados.
 +
 
 +
  <B>public</B> <B>class</B> CurrentConditionsDisplay <B>implements</B> Observer, DisplayElement {
 +
    <B>private</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> temperature;
 +
    <B>private</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> humidity;
 +
    <B>private</B> Subject weatherData;
 +
       
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#000080">CurrentConditionsDisplay</FONT>(Subject weatherData) {
 +
      <B>this</B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">weatherData</FONT> = weatherData;
 +
      weatherData.<FONT COLOR="#000080">registerObserver</FONT>(<B>this</B>);
 +
    }
 +
       
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">update</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> temperature, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> humidity, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> pressure) {
 +
      <B>this</B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">temperature</FONT> = temperature;
 +
      <B>this</B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">humidity</FONT>    = humidity;
 +
      <FONT COLOR="#000080">display</FONT>();
 +
    }
 +
       
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">display</FONT>() {
 +
      <B><FONT COLOR="#0095ff">System</FONT></B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">out</FONT>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">println</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#dd0000">&quot;Current conditions: &quot;</FONT> + temperature
 +
                          + <FONT COLOR="#dd0000">&quot;F degrees and &quot;</FONT> + humidity + <FONT COLOR="#dd0000">&quot;% humidity&quot;</FONT>);
 +
    }
 +
  }
 +
 
 +
  <B>public</B> <B>class</B> ForecastDisplay <B>implements</B> Observer, DisplayElement {
 +
 +
    <B>private</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> currentPressure = <FONT COLOR="#800080">29.92f</FONT>; 
 +
    <B>private</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> lastPressure;
 +
    <B>private</B> WeatherData weatherData;
 +
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#000080">ForecastDisplay</FONT>(WeatherData weatherData) {
 +
      <B>this</B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">weatherData</FONT> = weatherData;
 +
      weatherData.<FONT COLOR="#000080">registerObserver</FONT>(<B>this</B>);
 +
    }
 +
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">update</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> temp, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> humidity, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> pressure) {
 +
      lastPressure    = currentPressure;
 +
      currentPressure = pressure;
 +
      <FONT COLOR="#000080">display</FONT>();
 +
    }
 +
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">display</FONT>() {
 +
      <B><FONT COLOR="#0095ff">System</FONT></B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">out</FONT>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">print</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#dd0000">&quot;Forecast: &quot;</FONT>);
 +
      <B>if</B> (currentPressure &gt; lastPressure) {
 +
        <B><FONT COLOR="#0095ff">System</FONT></B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">out</FONT>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">println</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#dd0000">&quot;Improving weather on the way!&quot;</FONT>);
 +
      } <B>else</B> <B>if</B> (currentPressure == lastPressure) {
 +
        <B><FONT COLOR="#0095ff">System</FONT></B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">out</FONT>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">println</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#dd0000">&quot;More of the same&quot;</FONT>);
 +
      } <B>else</B> <B>if</B> (currentPressure &lt; lastPressure) {
 +
        <B><FONT COLOR="#0095ff">System</FONT></B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">out</FONT>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">println</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#dd0000">&quot;Watch out for cooler, rainy weather&quot;</FONT>);
 +
      }
 +
    }
 +
  }
 +
 
 +
===Representação de dados===
 +
 
 +
Os dados de meteorologia correspondem ao objecto observado.
 +
 
 +
  <B>public</B> <B>class</B> WeatherData <B>implements</B> Subject {
 +
    <B>private</B> <B><FONT COLOR="#0095ff">ArrayList</FONT></B> observers;
 +
    <B>private</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> temperature;
 +
    <B>private</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> humidity;
 +
    <B>private</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> pressure;
 +
       
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#000080">WeatherData</FONT>() { observers = <B>new</B> <B><FONT COLOR="#0095ff">ArrayList</FONT></B>(); }
 +
       
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">registerObserver</FONT>(Observer o) { observers.<FONT COLOR="#000080">add</FONT>(o); }
 +
       
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">removeObserver</FONT>(Observer o) {
 +
      <FONT COLOR="#800000">int</FONT> i = observers.<FONT COLOR="#000080">indexOf</FONT>(o);
 +
      <B>if</B> (i &gt;= <FONT COLOR="#0000ff">0</FONT>) { observers.<FONT COLOR="#000080">remove</FONT>(i); }
 +
    }
 +
         
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">notifyObservers</FONT>() {
 +
      <B>for</B> (<FONT COLOR="#800000">int</FONT> i = <FONT COLOR="#0000ff">0</FONT>; i &lt; observers.<FONT COLOR="#000080">size</FONT>(); i++) {
 +
        Observer observer = (Observer)observers.<FONT COLOR="#000080">get</FONT>(i);
 +
        observer.<FONT COLOR="#000080">update</FONT>(temperature, humidity, pressure);
 +
      }
 +
    }
 +
         
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">measurementsChanged</FONT>() { <FONT COLOR="#000080">notifyObservers</FONT>(); }
 +
         
 +
    <B>public</B> <FONT COLOR="#800000">void</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000080">setMeasurements</FONT>(<FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> temperature, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> humidity, <FONT COLOR="#800000">float</FONT> pressure) {
 +
      <B>this</B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">temperature</FONT> = temperature;
 +
      <B>this</B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">humidity</FONT>    = humidity;
 +
      <B>this</B>.<FONT COLOR="#000080">pressure</FONT>    = pressure;
 +
      <FONT COLOR="#000080">measurementsChanged</FONT>();
 +
    }
 +
  }
  
 
[[category:PO 2005/2006]]
 
[[category:PO 2005/2006]]

Revision as of 20:09, 19 November 2005

Material correspondente à aula 28.

O padrão observer permite observar o estado de um objecto. Os observadores registam o seu interesse no estado junto do objecto; quando o estado do objecto muda, os observadores são notificados.

Estrutura

Diagrama de classes

O padrão observer tem a seguinte estrutura de classes:

Observer-dpcd.png

Diagrama de sequência

As colaborações entre os intervenientes são as que figuram no seguinte diagrama de sequência:

Observer-dpsd.png

Exemplo

Observadores e Observados

 public interface Subject {
   public void registerObserver(Observer o);
   public void removeObserver(Observer o);
   public void notifyObservers();
 }
 public interface Observer {
   public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
 }

Apresentação

Esta interface define o método básico para apresentação de dados.

 public interface DisplayElement {
   public void display();
 }

As implementações da interface de apresentação, que implementam também a de observação, definem várias formas de exibição de dados.

 public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
   private float temperature;
   private float humidity;
   private Subject weatherData;
       
   public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
     this.weatherData = weatherData;
     weatherData.registerObserver(this);
   }
       
   public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
     this.temperature = temperature;
     this.humidity    = humidity;
     display();
   }
       
   public void display() {
     System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature 
                         + "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
   }
 }
 public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {

   private float currentPressure = 29.92f;  
   private float lastPressure;
   private WeatherData weatherData;

   public ForecastDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
     this.weatherData = weatherData;
     weatherData.registerObserver(this);
   }

   public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
     lastPressure    = currentPressure;
     currentPressure = pressure;
     display();
   }

   public void display() {
     System.out.print("Forecast: ");
     if (currentPressure > lastPressure) {
       System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
     } else if (currentPressure == lastPressure) {
       System.out.println("More of the same");
     } else if (currentPressure < lastPressure) {
       System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
     }
   }
 }

Representação de dados

Os dados de meteorologia correspondem ao objecto observado.

 public class WeatherData implements Subject {
   private ArrayList observers;
   private float temperature;
   private float humidity;
   private float pressure;
        
   public WeatherData() { observers = new ArrayList(); }
        
   public void registerObserver(Observer o) { observers.add(o); }
        
   public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
     int i = observers.indexOf(o);
     if (i >= 0) { observers.remove(i); }
   }
         
   public void notifyObservers() {
     for (int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++) {
       Observer observer = (Observer)observers.get(i);
       observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
     }
   }
         
   public void measurementsChanged() { notifyObservers(); }
         
   public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
     this.temperature = temperature;
     this.humidity    = humidity;
     this.pressure    = pressure;
     measurementsChanged();
   }
 }